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Caldera wall by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
A caldera is a large cooking pot-shaped depression, left when a volcano erupts. Las Cañadas caldera was formed when a huge stratovolcano erupted, various detailed theories exist for this, including a multi-phase collapse and eruption triggered by landslides, but when the magma chamber emptied, the roof collapsed, forming a crater 16km long, 9km wide and around 1.1km deep. The caldera has gradually been filled with sedimentary materials from the caldera walls and newer pyroclasic rocks and lava from Mount Teide and Pico Viejo. Today, the highest point in this image is just over 2600m above sea level and the caldera floor in the bottom left is at just over 2000m, so the maximum vertical height of the caldera wall at this point is around 600m above the lower parts of the western caldera floor.
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Vegetation by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
The Mount Teide National Park is characterised by sparse vegetation, which clings on to this arid, rocks environment. Although slightly out of focus, you can get the idea of the types of vegetation dotted across the caldera floor.
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Alternating layers by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Stratovolcanoes are also called Composite Volcanoes. They are characterised by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material. This layering is best displayed at the eastern end of the caldera, in the caldera wall beneath the observatory, which can just be seen as a faint white building on the horizon.
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Lava Flow by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Crude columnar jointing in a thick lava flow on the cadera rim.
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Radial dykes by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Although this is not the best viewpoint to illustrate this feature, many of the ridges running into the caldera floor appear to radiate from the centre of the caldera. Radial dykes, made of more-resistant igneous rock, make these ridges more resistant to erosion. The dykes radiate from the central vent of the ancient Las Cañadas volcano.
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Water in the caldera floor by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
The caldera floor is partly filled with alluvial material, eroded from the surrounding high ground. Sometimes, much of the western caldera floor can be covered with a shallow lake, of which this small pool as a representative.
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Pico Viejo by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Pico Viejo is a slightly lower cone on the side of Mount Teide. It is far more impressive viewed from the side of Mount Teide, since it has a well-developed volcanic crater. You can get an idea of this from the topographic map in Google Maps at: maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=28.271428,-16.649437&spn=0.085722,0.169086&t=p&z=13
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Lower Teleferico station and car park by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
This is the lower cable car station and car park. The cable car only runs when the weather is fine. If you intend to make the trip, warm clothes, stout shoes, plenty of water and sunscreen are recommended, as the upper teleferico station is at 3555m or 11663ft, which makes this a very easy way to reach a high altitude on a mountain.
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Upper Teleferico station by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
When the weather is fine, it is possible to access the mountain via a cable car, or Teleferico, which is a bumpy ride, but provides easy access to the summit area. Without a permit, it is possible to explore the mountain at the level of the Teleferico station, including an excellent walk to the west to the Pico Viejo viewpoint and to the east to the Orotava Valley viewpoint. I can recommentd the walk down the eastern flank of the mountain to Montaña Blanca and then to the road, but it is not a circular walk, leading back to the Teleferico car park.
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El Teide by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
The summit of Mount Teide, viewed from the edge of the caldera. Teide is a strato volcano, or composite volcano, which erupts alkali basalts and phonolites. The dark material below the main cone is mostly blocky, aa-lava. The lighter material is mostly pyroclastic in origin. There are active fumaroles on the flanks of the volcano, which are in the field of view, but not visible at this resolution.
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Lava Cascade by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
A lava cascade, where relatively recent basaltic lava from El Teide has solidified in the act of falling from the upper, eastern part of the caldera floor, into the lower, western part of the caldera.
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Roque Cinchado by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Only just visible in this image, Roque Cinchado, 'the thumb", which is normally photographed from the walk around Los Roques de Garcia, with El Teide in the background.
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La Catedral by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
La Catedral is the remains of a volcanic feeder pipe, which fed the eruptions of Las Cañadas volcano. Although only faintly visible in this view, this volcanic neck has radial columnar jointing.
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Los Azulejos by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Green hydrothermally-altered rocks where the Roques de Garcia meet the caldera rim. This hydrothermal alteration may have been controlled by hot fluids moving along the caldera rim fault.
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Parador Hotel by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
The Parador Hotel is near the viewing point for Los Roques de Garcia and includes a small gift shop selling, amongst other things, photographic goods and also toilets, which can be used by the public.
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Los Roques de Garcia by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Mount Teide from Las Cañadas caldera rim by Mark Vanstone
Los Roques de Garcia are an ancient volcanic plumbing system from Las Cañadas volcano, including cone sheets, dykes with columnar joints, pyroclastic deposits, possibly from debris flows and a huge volcanic neck called La Catedral. Los Roques de Garcia divide Las Cañadas caldera in half.
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Dextral tear fault by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Plunging folds and a tear fault at Summerleaze Beach in Bude by Mark Vanstone
The beds are truncated here by a dextral tear fault.
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Load casts and flame structures by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Plunging folds and a tear fault at Summerleaze Beach in Bude by Mark Vanstone
Load casts and flame structures produced by the rapid deposition of a thick layer of sandstone on top of the water-logged shale.
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Ripple marks by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Plunging folds and a tear fault at Summerleaze Beach in Bude by Mark Vanstone
Symmetrical ripple marks on the surface of a sandstone bed show these rocks were deposited in shallow water and that the shore line was probably at right angles to the present-day shore line.
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Loaves and Fishes by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Loaves and Fishes
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Sermon on the Mount by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Sermon on the Mount
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Bishops II by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Bishop Stubbs, Arch Bishop Temple
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Monarchs III by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
King William I, King Edward I, King Henry V, King Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I
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Bishops by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Bishop Wilkinson, Arch Bishop Benson, Bishop Gott
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Monarchs II by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, Queen Alexandria
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Monarchs by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
King Arthur, King Alfred, King George V King Charles I
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Veracity and Patience by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Moralities: Veracity and Patience
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Mercy and Faith by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Moralities: Mercy and Faith
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Knowledge and Wisdom by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Moralities: Knowledge (L) and Wisdom (sun on chest) (R).
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Sobriety and Chastity by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Moralities: Sobriety (L) (fibreglass by Guy Saunders) and Chastity (R).
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Building the cathedral by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Building of the cathedral (Benson).
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Kenstec by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Kenstec submitting to Canterbury (fibreglass by Guy Sanders).
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St Piran by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Oratory at Perran Sands by St Piran.
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St Petroc by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Freeing of serfs at Bodmin by St Petroc.
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Meriadoc by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Tympanum - Cornish Saints
Saint Meriadoc0 comments
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Pinn and Buriena by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Tympanum - Cornish Saints
Saints Pinn (L) and Buriena (R)0 comments
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Ia and Petroc by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Tympanum - Cornish Saints
Saints Ia (L) and Petroc (R)0 comments
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Cuby by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Tympanum - Cornish Saints
Saint Cuby0 comments
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Philip Davey by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Cathedral by Mark Vanstone
Philip Davey
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Lemon Street by Mark Vanstone from the GigaPan Truro Piazza by Mark Vanstone
Lemon Street, leading to the Lander Memorial.
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